2 Diagnostic Use of Radiographic Methods in Coronary Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3 Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4 Mode of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5 Radiological Projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6 Monitoring of Cardiac Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7 Pharmacological Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7. 1 Coronary Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7. 2 Left Ventricle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 8 Accidents and Risks of Coronary Arteriography . . . . . 67 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 III Angiographic Explorations: Normal Results . . . 71 1 Left Ventricle and Left Ventricular Function 71 1. 1 Radiological Anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . 71 1. 2 Normal Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1. 3 Analysis of Wall Contraction . . . . . . 78 1. 4 Volumes and Function Indexes. . . . . . . 81 2 Coronary Arteries and Veins . . . . . . . . 84 2. 1 Origin, Calibre and Preponderance of the Coronary Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2. 2 Nomenclature and Segmentation of the Coronary Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2. 3 A Reminder About the Physiology of Coronary Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2. 4 Angiographic Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . 94 2. 4. 1 Left Coronary Artery . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2. 4. 2 Right Coronary Artery. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2. 4. 3 Vascularization of Nodes and the Conduction System . . 96 2. 4. 4 Interconnecting Anastomoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2. 5 Coronary Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 IV Angiographic Explorations: Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 1 Anomalies of the Origin, Course and Distribution of Coronary Arteries Arising from the Aorta . . . . . . . . 100 2 Abnormal Origin of a Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3 Anomalies in the Diameter of Coronary Arteries . . . . . 104 4 Coronary Fistulae . . . . . . . . . . . 109 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 VII V Angiographic Explorations: Coronary Atheroma. . . . . . . . 114 1 Left Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 1. 1 Morphological Anomalies: Bulging and Lacuna-Like Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
