This book provides updated and comprehensive information on the evaluation of the river basin environment, along with its management and conservation. The chapters collected the latest cutting-edge research achievements in vegetation function evaluation, remote sensing monitoring and analysis, water quality evaluation and control, water and wastewater treatment, soil remediation, forest resource management, microbial disease diagnosis and more, the key components that link directly with the safety, security and sustainability of river basin environment. This book emphasizes the important aspects for better and more effective evaluation, management and conservation of the river basin environment, the foundation for its sustainable utilization and development, the foundation for achieving water and food security, and the United Nations’ SDGs for No Poverty (1), Zero Hunger (2) and Clean Water and Sanitation (6), as well as Affordable and Clean Energy (7), Sustainable Cities and Communities (11), Climate Action (13), Life below Water (14) and Life on Land (15). This book will benefit the research community and environmental education. It will prove useful to students, water and forest resource managers, hydrologists and all those engaged or interested in any aspect of evaluation, management, and conservation of the river basin environment. The book also has the potential to inform multi-regional and sectoral policies in all regions of the world and contribute to sustainable development solutions through better management of water, soil, and vegetation resources.